SCOPE AND FIELD PROGRAM RUT XII

RUT XII fields
In line with the Mutual Assistance Cabinet Program primarily related to the third program is Normalization of Economic Life, the RUT XII research activities prioritized in the following areas: Agriculture and Food; Marine, terrestrial and aerospace; Biotechnology (for the fields of Health, Environment, Industry Agriculture and Food); Energy, Informatics and Microelectronics; and Manufacturing.

In addition to these areas, in accordance with PUNAS RISTEK 2001 - 2005, the RUT XII may receive proposals for the fields of research: the National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional Transportation and Logistics and New Materials. Entire areas of research Ruth XII, are:
1. National Systems Development, Sectoral and Regional
2. Agriculture and Food
3. Health
4. Environment
5. Marine, terrestrial and aerospace
6. Transport and Logistics
7. Energy
8. Manufacturing
9. Information and Microelectronics
10. New Materials

In accordance with previous policy, funding allocations aligned to the ratio of Basic Research Program, Applied Research Program, Production Technology Development Program and about 30: 35: 35.

Special Note for RUT XII
In order to strive to further sharpen the direction of research in the areas funded by the Government in order to obtain a more scalable aggregation results, the output is more real and focused, it was decided that the activities resulting accumulation RUT XII needs a more useful research. And for the RUT XII has been selected oil palm commodities that have value and competiive comparaive products.

Proposals related to the tenth of the above should merely refer to the coconut palm research. Targets to be achieved in the research Palm, with the accumulated results of research that is intended in the RUT XII:

1. Accumulation of basic research, applied research and development of production technology for coconut palm (from upstream to downstream);
2. Support the realization of competence in research and development-oriented economic activity commodity Palm has given the international market which is good enough to bring in foreign and domestic markets available. Furthermore, the cultivation of oil palm to CPO / PKO as downstream agro-industries can provide employment solutions for farmers, reduce poverty nationally, in addition to liven up basic research in biotechnology and seeds. Processed Products CPO / PKO into food products, medicines, soaps, and even energy and other biodiesel, is a challenge for researchers and engineers to process CPO / PKO into processed products with higher added value for exports;
3. Awakening community-oriented researchers and engineers at Palm commodities within the next three years is expected to be able to finance its research activities independently.
May be useful for us all. Thank You

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With atomic-scale molecular

Chemistry (from the Arabic "transformation art" and the Greek khemeia. Alchemy is the study of the composition and properties of substances or materials on the scale of molecules and atoms to change or transformation as well as their interaction to form the material found everyday.

Chemistry is also studying the understanding of the nature and interactions of individual atoms in order to apply such knowledge on the macroscopic level. According to modern chemistry, physical properties are generally determined by the structure of matter at the atomic level, which in turn determined by the style antaratom.

macroscopic is the observation by using the eyes alone. This is because our eyes are also able to clearly see objects that size is not too big and not too small. Last is the microscopic observation. This observation is usually done using a tool called a microscope. The item is required because of large objects that we need to observe is too small and is unable to be viewed only by using the naked eye alone.

Chemistry is often referred to as the "central science" because it connects the various other sciences, like physics, material science, nanotechnology, biology, pharmacy, medicine, bioinformatics, and geology.

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Elemental iron, detergent, and pollutant

The number of organic and inorganic substances in the raw water, the taps will provide chlorine into the water as a disinfectant. The amount given quite a lot because it is adjusted by the amount of organic substances contained in water.''

Chlorine dose big enough, continued Nusa, can react with other compounds into chloroform, khlorofenol, and so forth. During this PDAM never analyze new compounds of chlorine due to excess it. In fact, the effect could create free radicals. ''So, the emergence of diseases is actually caused by poor drinking water quality,''.

Elemental iron, detergents, and other pollutants still found in the water despite the clear and clean appearance.

Arie added contamination of drinking water supplied to the public purposes can be caused by industrial waste, domestic waste, hazardous and toxic wastes, corrosion of piping and also due to a byproduct of the disinfection process with chlorine compounds. ''The contamination can occur ranging from raw water source, during processing or in the distribution pipeline.''

Therefore, further Arie, Indonesia's population is still difficult even now free from diarrheal disease, cholera, dysentery to typhus. For, the disease associated with water (waterborne deseases).''

Looking at the relationship between the quality of public health with clean water consumed interrelated. In addition to diarrhea, typhoid, cholera and dysentery, other diseases that are often found are hepatitis A and acute anterior poliomelistis.

Both researchers emphasize the importance of public knowledge about the dangers of chemicals in drinking water. ''Many people have found poisoned drinking water because of chemical compounds in drinking water exceeding the allowed threshold concentration,''.

Actually, this chemical compound can be natural or due to human activities pollute the drinking water. Some chemicals that are toxic to the human body are heavy metals, pesticides, compounds hydrocarbon pollutants, radioactive substances of natural or artificial, and so forth.

An example is nitrate commonly found in agricultural activities. Nitrate pollution caused by agricultural waste water containing nitrate compounds resulting from the use of nitrogen fertilizer (urea).

Nitrate compounds in drinking water in large quantities cause methaemoglobinameia. This disease is a condition of hemoglobin in the blood is transformed into methaemoglobin, so the blood deprived of oxygen.

Flouride (F) is a natural chemical compounds in water at various concentrations. At small concentrations of about 1.5 mg / l would be beneficial to dental health. When high concentrations (greater than 2 mg / l) cause tooth decay (dental-bercak0 spots.''When even bigger 3-6 mg / l causes damage to the bone. Dose Flouride in drinking water maximum of 0.8 mg / l .''

Another dangerous element mercury (merkurium, Hg) is a toxic heavy metal element to the body. Merkurium result of industrial waste had caused loss of life on Minamata case of Japan, 1950.

Drinking water was not contaminated by cadmium (Cd). Drinking water usually contains Cd with a concentration of 1 ug or sometimes up to 5 ug. WHO has issued recommendations Cd levels in drinking water of 0.01 mg / l while the Government Regulation No. 20/1990 maximum levels of cadmium in drinking water for 0,005 mg / l.

Other toxic substances commonly found in Selenium in seleniferous area (rainfed). In areas such levels of selenium in groundwater (wells) or surface can be high. WHO set the levels of selenium in drinking water of 0.01 mg / l while the Government Regulation No. 20/1990 recommends that permitted levels of selenium 0.01 mg / l.

More about → Elemental iron, detergent, and pollutant

Analytical chemistry, elements, atoms, molecules, ions

Some branches of Chemistry. Chemistry is generally divided into several key areas. There are also several branches of inter-field and branches are more specialized in chemistry.

Chemistry (derived from the Arabic of the "art of transformation" and Greek khemeia "alchemy") is the study regarding the composition and properties of substances or materials from the atomic scale until the molecule and change or transformation and interaction them to form the material found everyday. Chemical also studied the understanding of the nature and interactions of individual atoms with the aim to apply that knowledge at the level macroscopic. According to modern chemistry, physical properties of matter generally determined by the structure at the atomic level, which in turn determined by the force between atoms.

Analytical Chemistry
* Analytical Chemistry is the analysis of material samples to obtain understanding of the chemical composition and structure. Analytical Chemistry involves a standard experimental method in chemistry. Methods This can be used in all other sub-disciplines of chemistry, except for purely theoretical chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry is a discipline that develops and applying the methods, instruments and strategies to obtain information on the composition and condition of materials in space and time. Research group of scientific / analytical chemistry expertise focused on the development, validation and application of "state-of-the-art "analytical methods as well as integrated and terautomasi instrumentation for trace analysis and speciation.

Element
- Elements are substances that can not be broken down into substances that smaller, or can not be changed form the other chemicals with how physics or kimiabiasa.
- The smallest particles of elements are atoms
- The lightest element is H and He. H is believed to be the is the first time in the world after the Big Bang.
- All elements of the weight-2 naturally formed mel various methods of nucleosynthesis.
- Until 2005, 118 known elements, 93 are in nature, 23 an artificial element.
- Elements that created humans, usually not stable and with spontaneously transformed into stable natural chemical elements mel Radioactive process.
- An artificial element was first suspected to be a Tekne Tiu m (1937). All merupk artificial radioactive element with which Part Time short.

Atom
- Atom is a very small unit in any existing language, around us.
- Atomic term: the first time at the ol said Democritus (a = No, tomos = Cut / for) means the smallest unit that can not divided.
- Atom is a collection of materials consists of atomic nuclei (Nucleus) positively charged, which usually contain Proton and Neutrons, and some of the electrons surrounding the offset positively charged nucleus.

Molecule
- The molecule is an integral part of most smaller than the pure compounds have unique characteristics and physical kia.
- The molecule consists of 2 or more bond ATOM. Ex: H2O is Water molecules, (CH2O) 6 is a molecule SUGAR.

Ion
- Ions are ato / set Electricity charged atoms.
- Negatively charged ion, when the capture of one or more ELECTRON, is called an anion, because he was attracted to ANODE.
- Positively charged ion, which loses one or more electron, called KAYION, kerana attracted to the CATHODE.
- Ion, ion formation process is called ionization. Atom or groups are ionized atoms marked with tikatas n + or n-, Where n is the number of electrons lost or gained.
- Ion, was first theorized by Michael Faraday in the year 1830 to describe the molecules that move into the anode or cathode. But this event new mechanism diseskripsikan in 1884 by SYANTE Aug ARRCHENIUS in the dissertation doctorate at the UNIVERSITY OF Uppsala. At first, this theory does not received (he obtained his degree with a minimum value), but dissertation won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903.

Chemical Compounds
- The chemical compound is: CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE formed from 2 or more Element with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, Water, H2O is a compound consisting of 2 H atoms to every atom O.
- The characteristics that distinguish the compound is that he has FORMULAS CHEMISTRY. The chemical formula gives the ratio of atoms in the substance and the amount of atoms in a single molecule, therefore the chemical formula of ethene dalah C2H4 and not CH2.
- Compounds can form in several PHASE, both in substance SOLID, LIQUID or GAS. All compounds will break down into compounds ATOM smaller or individual when heated to a temperature particular, the so-called decomposition temperature.
- Types of compounds: Acids, Bases, ionic compounds, salts, oxides, organic compounds in binary form (2 items), ternary (3 elements), Quaternary (4 elements).

More about → Analytical chemistry, elements, atoms, molecules, ions

Water and Chemical Substances

Bacteria Free Water and Chemical Substances
After I go along in a few pages, turns out I found too. Was also tired, but this is already a satisfaction in the business. Success is an achievement, certainly. Well it turns out I had it. I was looking for was found as well.

AIR is the basic need of living beings. When humans, animals and plants short of water, it will die, is clear and undeniable. Anyway, very extensive water damage to life, especially the water to eat and drink. People will be dehydration or disease if the lack of fluids in his body. Dehydration is a disruption in water balance or water on the body. This occurred because spending more than revenue water (eg drinking). Impaired body fluid loss is accompanied by body electrolyte balance disorders substance.

Currently drinking water quality in major cities in Indonesia are still apprehensive. Population density, land use is wrong and the high exploitation of water resources is very influential on the quality of water, let alone the quality of its own population. When the nutrients in the body is incomplete it will not be perfect for humans. Obviously if the quality is not great-great people like in America or dicina there.

The opinion was expressed by two specialist water and wastewater. Nusa Idaman Said explained that the government has issued Kepmenkes No 907/Menkes/SK/VII/2002 to the Terms and Drinking Water Quality Monitoring.

Terms of drinking water''in accordance Permenkes it must be free of inorganic materials and organic. In other words the quality of drinking water must be free of bacteria, chemicals, toxins, hazardous wastes and so forth,''said Arie.

Drinking water quality parameters that relate directly to health in accordance Permenkes is related to microbiology, such as E. Coli and total coliform. Associated with organic chemistry in the form of arsenic, Flouride, chromium, cadmium, nitrate, cyanide and selenium.

While the parameters that are not directly related to health, which include odor, color, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, taste, and temperature. For the chemical parameters in the form of aluminum, iron, chloride, manganese, pH, zinc, sulfate, copper, residual chlorine and ammonia.

Water pollution in the region major cities in Indonesia, continued Ariel, very big. Based on statistical data BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics) DKI Jakarta 1998 about 50% of households using tap water (taps), soil water using a pump at 42.67%, dig wells and other 3.16% 0.63%.

''The problems start to appear on product quality drinking water. The water quality of rivers and ground water less qualified. Many people dispose of garbage, debris and waste into rivers. In fact, there are other ways to dispose of hazardous waste plant at a depth of several meters,''said Arie.

Furthermore, he explains the source of clean water in Jakarta come from the Citarum River (80%), Cisadane (15%) and the rest Ciliwung. Those rivers across various rural, residential, industrial, and transportation is quite solid. However, public awareness in protecting the environment is still low, so the river one of the natural resources vulnerable to contamination.

In rural areas the community was experiencing a crisis worthy of drinking water. Excessive use of pesticides pollute the water in rice fields which then flows into the river and used the public for daily life.

Not a few villagers were washed with detergent at the edge of time. Likewise, coastal communities having trouble finding fresh water. As a result, they use sea water with high salinity.

''In the meantime, drinking water treatment technology that is used taps are still lagging behind. In the process the raw water into drinking water taps technology used only eliminate the bacteria E. Coli and iron. While the content of carcinogens is never done,''.

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Nature White Nickel is shiny, very hard, no rust, Resistant to dilute acids

NICKEL

Usefulness of nickel was accidentally, and may dikesan so 3500 BC. Gangsa from now recognized as Syria has a nickel content so that the two peratus. Additionally, Chinese manuscripts imagine that unlicensed "white copper" (eg baitung) has been used in the East between 1700 BC and 1400 BC. However, due to nickel ore silver ore easily mistaken premises, any misconception about this and more ditumpukan usefulness to the present.

Nickel contain adequate minerals (eg kupfernikel, means to copper devil ("Nick"), or false copper) were used for mewarnakan glass to green. In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt're trying to produce copper from kupfernikel (now known as nikolit), and vice versa can be a white metal that was held by him as a nickel.

Sarekat In America, the term "nickel" or "nick" was originally used for money syiling copper-nickel cents Indians, introduced in 1859 and later, for money syiling three cents which was introduced in 1865. The following year, the name used for the nickel five-cent shield so today. Money-money syiling that done than pure nickel is used for the first time in 1881 in Switzerland.

The properties of nickel are:
• White shiny
• Very hard
• No rust
• Resistant to dilute acids

Utam nickel ore is nickel sulfide.
Nickel-nickel are exported in the form of 3 kinds of ore, nickel rough, and ferronickel. Nickel mining area in the Koala, Soroako, North Maluku. Nickel mining way through various ways, among others;
• Felling trees and shrubs
• Stripping the land surface
• Excavation with ladder system (benching system) that is started from the ground up following the contour line with a power shovel digging tool or shovel dozer nickel processing through several stages:
• Baking
• Consolidation
• Use of Nickel Electrolysis
• To coat the items made of iron, copper, steel because nickel has a hardness, corrosion resistant and easy to gloss when rubbed.
• To make stainless steel (stailess stell)
• To make aliase with copper and some other metals such as:
a. Monel (Ni, Cu, Fe)
Used to make electricity transmission instrument

b. Nikrom (Ni, Fe, Cr)
Used as a heating wire

c. Alniko (Al, Ni, Fe, Co)
To make a magnet.

d. Palinit and Invar is nickel alloy that has the same expansion coefficient of glasses used as an electric wire embedded in glass, for example in Bolam incandescent lamps.

e. Nickel powder is used as a catalyst, for example in hidrogenansi (compaction) of coconut oil, also in petroleum cracking.

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Kasiterit tin (SnO2)

TIN (Sn)

Tin is a silvery white metal, is relatively soft, corrosion resistant and has a low melting point. Tin present in 2 forms allotropes of tin and gray tin. The most important tin ore is kasiterit (SnO2). Place tin ore mining in Indonesia is on Bangka, Belitung and island-Riau.w Kampar
The process of formation of tin:
  SnO2 (s) 2C (s)
  Sn (l) 2CO (g)

Use of Tin
1. To make cans (team plate) range of products.
2. Surfacing tebuat cans of iron that will protect iron from perkaratan.
3. Make a mix of metal, such as bronze (alloy of tin, copper, zinc) and solder (tin and lead alloy)
Tin processing

Tin ore after then baked so that the arsenic was concentrated and separated in the form of sulfur oxides that easily evaporate. Then the tin ore that has been purified it is reduced with carbon. Tin liquid collected in the bottom of the furnace and then poured into molds to obtain tin bar. Tin is still quite rough and needs to Purify. Purification of tin can be done in 2 stages:
1. HIGH TENTION SEPARATOR
Mineral terpusah style electricity such as tin, iron.

2.MAGNETE SEPARATOR
Minerals are not interested in tin, tin ore ready for smelting process to obtain pure tin.

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Properties owned aluminum

ALUMINIUM

Aluminum is a silvery white metal that berwaarna and quite mild which has a density of 2.7 g cm-3. The properties are owned aluminum, among others:
1. Lightweight, corrosion resistant and non-toxic it is widely used for household items like pots, pans and others.
2. Reflective, in the form of aluminum foil used for packaging food, drugs, and cigarettes.
3. Electrical conductivity two times greater than Cu, Al is used as a utility pole cable.
4. Al alloys with other metals to produce a strong metal such as Duralium (a mixture of Al, Cu, mg) for the manufacture of body peswat.
5. Al as a reductant agent for Aluminum oxide MnO2 and Cr2O3 are abundant in the earth's crust, which is about 7.6%. With the abundance of it, aluminum is the third leading element after oxygen and silicon, and is the most abundant metal element. However, Aluminum remains an expensive metal because of its processing difficult. Economically valuable mineral that aluminum is bauxite which is the only source of aluminum. Kriloit used in smelting aluminum, are used clay to make bricks, ceramics. In Indonesia, bauxite are found in Bintan island and in Tayan (West Kalimantan).

Processing Alumininum:
Aluminum is made by prosesHall lt-h erou found olehCh Arles M. Hall in the United States and Paul Heroult tahun1886. Aluminum and bauxite processing includes 2 stages:
1. Purification of bauxite for alumina meperoleh pure.
2. Consolidation / reduction of alumina electrolysis view

Purification of bauxite by the way:
a. Ba reacted dengana NaOH (q). Aluminum oxide will dissolve to form NaCl (OH) 4.
b. Solution was filtered and the filtrate containing NaAl (OH) 4 acidified with CO2 gas stream Al precipitate as Al (OH) 3
c. Al (OH) 3 filtered and then dried and heated in order to obtain Al2O3 not watery.

Aluminium ores are the major include:
• bauxite
• mica
• clay

Alumina Smelter:
Consolidation uses electrolysis cell consisting of graphite-coated metal container which also functions as a cathode (-) is anode (+) is graphite. Mixed Al2O3 with kriolit and AlF3 heated to melt and the temperature of 950 C and then dielektrolisis. Al is formed in the form of a liquid and accumulate in the bottom of the container and then released periodically into the mold to get the aluminum bar (ingot). Graphite anode continuously spent because reacts with O2 so it must be replaced from time to time. To get 1 kg of Al spent 0.44 graphite anode.
  2Al2O3 +3 C
  4Al + 3CO2

Some matte Al a major:
1. Bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O)
2. Mika (K-Mg-Al-Slilkat)
3. Clay (Al2Si2O7.2H2O)

Aluminum exist in nature in the form of silicates and oxides, among other things:
• silicates such as feldspar, clay, mica
• kurondum such as anhydrous oxide (for emery)
• as a hydrate, eg bauxite
• kriolit such as fluoride.

Use of Aluminum:
Some use aluminum, among others:
1. Automotive industry sector, to create truck and automotive components.
2. to make the fuselage.
3. Housing construction sector; for doors and window frames.
4. Food industry sectors, for packaging various types of products.
5. Other sectors, eg for electric cables, furniture and handicrafts.
6. Membuattermit, namely a mixture of aluminum powder with a powder of iron (III) oxide, is used to weld steel in place, eg for connecting railroads.

Some Aluminum compounds are also many uses, among others:
1. Tawas (K2SO4.Al2 (SO4) 3.24H2O)
Alum has the chemical formula KSO4.AL2. (SO4) 3.24H2O. Alum is used to purify drinking water in water treatment.

2. Alumina (Al2O3)
Alumin adiedakan on alfa0allumina and gamma-allumina. Gamma-alumina is obtained from heating Al (OH) 3 under 4500C. Gamma-alumina is used for the manufacture of aluminum, for toothpaste, and industrial ceramics and glass industries. Alfa-allumina obtained from heating Al (OH) 3 at temperatures above 10000C. Alfa-allumina there as corundum in nature that are used for sandpaper or Grinding. Precious stones such as rubies, sapphires, ametis, and topaz is an alpha-allumina containing transition metal compounds that give color to the stones. Ruby colors include:
- Rubi red because they contain compounds of chromium (III)
- Sapphire blue because they contain compounds of iron (II), iron (III) and titan (IV)
- Ametis violet color because they contain compounds of chromium (III) and titan (IV)
- Topaz yellow because they contain iron (III)

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METAL ELEMENTS IN HUMAN LIFE

IRON

Iron is the most important element in the lives of mankind since the times of ancient Mesopotamia to today's modern era. No other metals that their use exceeds the amount of iron. Very reasonable if the production of iron metal in the world reached 1 billion tons / year.

The main iron ore is hematite. (Fe2O3). Other ores are magnetite, pyrite and siderite. Place the iron ore mining in Indonesia is in Cilacap, Central Java and in some places in East Java were smelting iron ore and steel industry located in Cilegon, West Java.

a. The use of iron
Iron is the metal most widely enough usage, that is about 14
times the total use of all other metals. This is didasrakan by:
1. Iron ore is relatively abundant and scattered in several places around the world.
2. Processing of iron is relatively easy and inexpensive.
3. The properties of iron easily modified.

The major use of iron is to make the steel that can be used to create toys, kitchen tools, industrial vehicles, construction of buildings, bridges, railroads. Stainless steel is widely used to make tooling sepereti scissors, screwdrivers and keys, kitchen tools such as spoons and pans. Famous steel is stainless steel as a combination of iron with chromium (14-18%) and nickel (7-9%) which has the properties of hard, clay used to make weapons and wire.

b. Metal Processing
There are 2 stages to process iron, which is aiming to reduce the smelting of iron ore so that the re-smelting of iron and useful in the manufacture of steel.

Iron smelting carried out in a blast furnace (blast furnaces). Blast furnace is a building about 30 meters high and has a diameter of about 8 feet made of stainless steel coated with heat resistant brick. Materials used are carbon reduction denagan reaction principle:
  2FeO3 +3 C
  4Fe + 3CO2

Materials included in the furnace there are 3 kinds:
• iron ore sand littered
• Carbon (coke) as a reducing agent
• Limestone (CaCO3) to bind the sandy dirt (flux)
The temperature in the reaction is very high so that the iron is called pig iron melt and
(Pig iron).

Liquid iron is generally immediately processed to make steel. But, also dilairkan into molds to make cast iron (cast iron) containing 3-4% carbon and less impurities such as Mn, Si, P. Iron-containing carbon is very low (0.005 to 0.2%) is called wrought iron (wrought iron).

Sebagaifluks limestone function, namely to bind the acidic impurities, such as SiO2 to form slag. Slag formation reactions are as follows. At first, decompose the limestone to form calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
  CaCO3 (s)
  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Calcium oxide then reacts with sand to form calcium silicate, a major component in the slag.
  CaO (s) + Si O2 (s)
  CaSiO3 (l)
This slag floats on liquid iron and must be issued within a certain time interval.

c.Pembuatan steel
Steelmaking process are:
1. Lowering the carbon content of 3-4% in pig iron menjaadi 0 to 1.5% by mengoksidasikannya with oxygen.
2. Disposing of Si, Mn, and P and other impurities through the formation of slag 3. Adding metal crate aliase Cr, Ni, Mn, V, Mo, and W in accordance with the type of steel desired.

Tegnologi processing of pig iron into steel in a cheap fast distinction was introduced by Henry Bessemer tahun1856. in 1860 developed an open fireplace (open herth furnace) by William Siemens. Today more stoves are made with oxygen furnace furnace bassemer is not used anymore.

Various kinds of substances added to the processing of steel which is useful as a "scavangers" (binding impurities), especially for the oxygen and nitrogen. Scavangers most important thing is aluminum, ferrosilicon, and ferotitan feromangan. These substances react with nitrogen or dissolved oxygen to form oxides which is then separated into the slag.

Steel can be classified into 3 groups, namely;
1. Carbon steel, composed of iron and carbon.
2. stainless steel (stainless steel), has low carbon content and contains about 14% chromium.
3. Aliase steel is a special steel containing a certain element pursuant to the desired properties.

To prevent perkaratan on steel can be done by:
1. Adding other metals.
2. Using the protective layer.
3. Using a metal that can be sacrificed.
4. Protecting the cathodic.

More about → METAL ELEMENTS IN HUMAN LIFE

Metallurgy, ore concentration process, Dissolution, Purification

Metallurgy is the processing of natural materials into metal next to metal element with the desired properties. Of natural organic materials found in the earth's crust disebutmineral, for example bauxite and aluminosilicates, is a mineral that can be made to produce the material commercially disebutbijih. Metal ores are the most common form of oxides, sulfides, carbonates, silicates, halides and sulfates. Silicate is actually the most abundant, but relatively worthless because its processing is difficult.
Metallurgy through three stages, namely:

a. Ore concentration
In the rocks contain no valuable ore called Baturaja
(Gangue). Ore concentration aims to get rid of as much as possible
baturaja. Seeds are crushed and milled so that the grain regardless of baturaja.
Separation can then be done by physical as flotation
(Flotation) or withdrawal of the magnet.

In the process of flotation, ore that has been destroyed given a particular oil. Minerals will be attached to the foam so that regardless of baturaja or baturaja will be attached to the foam.

b. Smelting
Smelter (smelting) is the ore reduction process so that the metal elements that can use a variety of substances such as carbide, hydrogen, an active metal or by electrolysis. Election peredusi substance depends on the reactivity of each substance. The more difficult the more active metal is reduced,
thus it needs a more powerful reducing agent.

Metals that are less active case of copper and gold can be reduced just by heating. Metal with medium reactivity, such as iron, nickel and tin can be reduced denagn carbon, being active metals such as magnesium and almuinium can be reduced by electrolysis. Often the process of fusion plus
flux, ie a substance that binds the impurities and form a substance that is easier
melt, which disebutt erak.

c. Purification
Purification (refining) is the adjustment of the composition of impurities in the crude metal.
Some ways of purification:

Electrolysis, for example refining copper and nickel.
Distillation, such as purification of zinc and mercury.
Re smelting, such as purification of iron.
Purification of the zone, which is a modern way that implemented in the purification
metal.

More about → Metallurgy, ore concentration process, Dissolution, Purification

92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species are metal elements

CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE

In line with industrial progress and tegnologi, human need for adequate facilities grew older. It is one means of chemicals, whether in the form of elements, compounds ataupum mixture. We already know that there are 92 kinds of elements in nature. Plumpness of these elements exist as compounds. Only elements that are less reactive are not found in the free state. But, thanks to scientific and technological progress we have been able to free the elements of the compound.

This paper will discuss some elements that are useful in everyday life. The elements to be discussed include some elements of metal and some non-metallic elements.

SOME ELEMENTS OF METAL
Out of 92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species of which are metal elements. Man-made elements (NA 93-109) are often classified as a metal element.

We have learned that the metals are obtained by reducing compounds. Rsduksi process is there an easy and there are difficult depending on the reactivity of each metal. Iron and copper for example, already known to mankind since ancient times, is a new sodium and potassium known to man in the 19th century after the discovery of electrolysis method. Copper was the first metal produced by the primitive needs ynag into use during the Bronze (3500 BC), who allegedly formed from the decomposition of rocks in the campfire.

While the sample of iron in ancient times thought to have come from come from stone meteorites that fell to earth. Several other metal element is also important to community life, eg silver and gold.

Special Attributes metal
Metals have special properties which become dasra use. The properties can be summarized as follows.

a. Strong
Except for mercury, all tangible solid at room temperature. Hardness and strength of metals can ditimgkatkan by mixing the metal with other metals or with non-metals called aliase (alloy), for example aliase aluminum with magnesium which is used as construction materials of buildings, bridges and
motor vehicle.

b. Can be forged and can be stretched
Metals are not destroyed when struck. Thus, the metal can be forged to create a variety of tools, craft items or jewelry. Metals can also be stretched into a wire.

c. Distorted line of good conductor
This property underlying the use of metal as electrical cables, as well as cooking equipment such as kettle, pots and pans.

d. Shiny if polished
Metals used as jewelry and for decoration because it has the shiny properties if the rub.

e. Solid form at room temperature except mercury (liquid).

More about → 92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species are metal elements

Powder gold, monatomic gold, Ormus Gold

In line with industrial progress and tegnologi, human need for adequate facilities grew older. It is one means of chemicals, whether in the form of elements, compounds ataupum mixture. We already know that there are 92 kinds of elements in nature. Plumpness of these elements exist as compounds. Only elements that are less reactive are not found in the free state. But, thanks to scientific and technological progress we have been able to free the elements of the compound.

This paper will discuss some elements that are useful in everyday life. The elements to be discussed include some elements of metal and some non-metallic elements.

To learn chemistry is very difficult, we must master the formula-the formula. If you want to master the science of chemistry had to be diligent and really focus on the lessons that we pejari.

In this case there are a variety of categories such as: powder gold, monatomic gold, Ormus Gold ...

SOME ELEMENTS OF METAL
Out of 92 kinds of natural elements, 70 species of which are metal elements. Man-made elements (NA 93-109) are often classified as a metal element.

We have learned that the metals are obtained by reducing compounds. Rsduksi process is there an easy and there are difficult depending on the reactivity of each metal. Iron and copper for example, already known to mankind since ancient times, is a new sodium and potassium known to man in the 19th century after the discovery of electrolysis method. Copper was the first metal produced by the primitive needs ynag into use during the Bronze (3500 BC), who allegedly formed from the decomposition of rocks in the campfire.

To memorize the names of the objects included in the category of chemicals that must be very difficult, not a single explanation. Mathematical sciences should also be strong, because in your chemistry required to calculate the temperature, pressure, and various others.

Created at night and Autumn Full Moon / Spring Equinox on September 23, 2010 using strict organic protocol on a mountain in Australia `s sunshine beautiful coastal region facing the Pacific ocean.

Printed with frequency solfeggio Masaru Emoto arpeggios and images, made with pure Pacific sea water and the organic, hand harvested, dried sea salt.Each Celtic 740ml (25 fl.oz) bottle is made using wet by sea alchemy master alchemist.

all tangible solid at room temperature. Hardness and strength of metals can ditimgkatkan by mixing the metal with other metals or with non-metals called aliase (alloy)

Alchemy is an ancient practice that continues to this day. ancient culture known to practice alchemy include Sumerian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Chaldean, Babylonian, Asian race early, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans. For Egypt, alchemy is the science master, which they believe was revealed to them by their god Thoth, called Hermes Trismegistus by the Greeks. Thus, alchemy is the Hermetic Art.

The purpose of alchemy was to change the basic or common to the pure or rare. In other words, alchemy can be regarded as the transmutation of matter into spirit. Alchemical search for the Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life, which is thought to provide a higher spiritual awareness, healing physical ailments, and give eternal life.

Alchemists believe that there are hidden and higher orders of reality, which is the basis of all spiritual truth and spirituality all. Observing and realizing this higher order of reality is the work of the alchemist - the Magnum Opus or The Great Work - the realization of the Absolute.

More about → Powder gold, monatomic gold, Ormus Gold

Chemistry is very important benefits

In the history of chemistry, chemical scientist many chemical processes, the development of modern chemistry. Many are already developing alchemist alchemy. Actually discovery of chemical elements has a very long history to reach the peak. The creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by someone who usually called Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.

The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion. Fire is a mystical power that converts a substance into another substance and is therefore the main focus of all mankind. Fire is the lead man on the discovery of iron and glass. After gold was found and a precious metal, many people are interested in finding methods that can alter other substances into gold. This creates a protosains called Alchemy. Alchemy was practiced by many cultures throughout history and often contain a mixture of philosophy, mysticism and protosains.

Alchemist discovered many chemical processes that lead to the development of modern chemistry. Over history, the alchemist to develop away from the philosophy of alchemy and mysticism, and develop a more systematic approach and scientific. The first alchemist who is considered to apply scientific methods of alchemy, chemistry and alchemy distinguish.

Nevertheless, the chemistry as we know it today was created by a man named Antoine Lavoisier with the law of conservation of mass in the year 1783. The discovery of chemical elements has a long history culminating with the creation of the periodic table of chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. As already indicated above.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives a good overview of chemical discovery over the last 100 years. At the beginning of the 20th century, revealed the nature of subatomic and atomic science of quantum mechanics began to explain the physical properties of the chemical bond. In the mid-20th century, chemistry has grown up to be able to understand and predict the biological aspects that widened into the field of biochemistry.

The chemical industry represents an important economic activity. In 2004, the top 50 producers of chemicals have global sales reaching 587 billion U.S. dollars with a profit margin of 8.1% and research and development spending 2.1% of total sales.

Well .... from information already written on this so we can menyulpulkan that chemistry is very important, from all knowledge of the chemical is very expensive to be assessed with the money, the government should be supporting people who have knowledge about chemistry. Thank You

More about → Chemistry is very important benefits

Organomagnesium Halides, Alkenes-symmetrical alkenes, carboxylic, Halogen

Halide Organomagnesium general structure R-Mg-X, with R = Alkyl, alkenyl or aryl and X = halogen, called Grignard reagents after their discoverer.

In chemistry, the term acyl halide or acid halide is a compound derived from a carboxylic acid by substituting hydroxyl groups with functional halides.

The reaction between carbon-carbon double bond (C = C) in compounds such as ethene alkenes with halide-hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide.

Alkene-alkene is symmetrical (such as ethene or but-2-ene) will be discussed first. Alkene-alkene has an identical cluster-cluster bound to each end of the bond C = C. For alkene-alkene is not symmetrical like propene, the reaction is slightly more complicated, so it will be further discussed in a separate section.

how to make the organomagnesium halide (RMgX) The discovery in 1901, changing the organic chemical reactions and make him win the Nobel prize in 1912. Found these compounds known as Grignard reagents.

If the acid is a carboxylic acid, the compound containing functional group-COX, consisting of carbonyl groups bound to halogen atoms such as chlorine. The general formula for an acyl halides can be written with RCOX, where R can be an alkyl group, CO is a carbonyl group, and X represents halogen atom.

Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.

Halogen is a group of chemical elements that are in class 17 (VII or VIIA of the old system) in the periodic table. This group consists of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatin (At), and elements Ununseptium (UUS), which has not been found. Signifies halogen elements which produce salt when reacted with metal. This term comes from the French scientific term from the 18th century, adapted from the Greek.

Halogen elements naturally form a diatomic molecule. They require one additional electron to fill its outer electron orbits, so that tends to form a negatively charged ion one. Negative ions are called ionic halides, and salts formed by ions are called halides.

They are very valuable and widely used synthetic tools, especially in the addition of carbanions and nucleophilic substitution reactions, but also in various other transformations.

Grignard reagents are generally prepared by the reaction of organic halides with magnesium metal ('metallation') in dry diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran. Metallation addition, many other methods for the preparation of Grignard reagents have been developed:

    * Transmetallation other organometallic compounds with anhydrous magnesium salt
    * Sulfoxide / magnesium exchange
    * Carbenoid-homologation
    * Reaction with highly active magnesium
    * Reaction with magnesium anthracene complex
    * Iodine-magnesium exchange
    * An exchange reaction using magnesium organo 'eat' complex
    * Transition metal-catalyzed formation of Grignard
    * Mercury-magnesium exchange

Reagent, reactants, or reagents (English: reactant or reagent) is a substance that causes or is consumed in a chemical reaction. a reagent that reacts with zinc metal to produce hydrogen, or reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide. reagents used to refer to the chemical purity is sufficient for an analysis or experiment. For example, a reagent water should not contain many impurities such as ions of sodium, chloride, or bacteria, and also has high electrical resistivity.

Grignard compounds are formed from alkyl or aryl halide with magnesium metal (Mg). In the synthesis of organic compounds, Grignard reagents act as nucleophiles will attack the electrophile carbon atoms (usually the C atom on the carbonyl group) or commonly called nucleophilic organometallic Addition. This reaction is irreversible.

Magnesium is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12 and atomic weight 24.31. Magnesium is an element that forms the eighth largest 2% weight of the Earth's crust, as well as soluble constituents of the third largest at sea. and Alkaline earth metal is primarily used as a mixture or substance to make a mixture of aluminum alloy, magnesium is often called "magnalium" or "magnelium".

Magnesium, Mg, Manufactured as carbonate, sulfate, and silicate, and the abundance of sodium and calcium. Magnesium is produced by electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride salts, MgCl2, or reaction of dolomite, CaMg (CO3) 2, with a blend ferosilikon profession. Silvery-white colored magnesium metal and its surface is oxidized in air. At high temperature magnesium burns in air and reacts with nitrogen to produce nitride, Mg3N2. Magnesium metal burns with a very bright flame and is still used as a flashlight.

Aluminum alloy is lightweight and strong and are used as structural materials in automobiles and aircraft. Mg2 + is the central ion in the porphyrin ring in chlorophyll, and plays a role in photosynthesis. Grignard reagents, RMgX, the French chemist who synthesized F. A. V. Grignard in 1900, is typical of organometallic compounds and main group metals are widely used in Grignard reactions. This important reagents Nobel prize (1912), and is very useful not only for the organic reactions but also for metal halide conversion into organometallic compounds. Incredibly, technology with the natural blend. 

More about → Organomagnesium Halides, Alkenes-symmetrical alkenes, carboxylic, Halogen

Impact of Malnutrition on Economic Value

Poor nutrition has a significant contribution to economic value is lost due to malnutrition. In calculating the economic value and malnutrition made recently concluded that due to the overall prevalence of malnutrition is still relatively high.

Significant is the symbol of natural language (pure whatever they are), having an accurate value, and equivalent (almost have equality with what disimbolkannya). So in short the things that significantly more reliable reach the goal. Take for example, science is more universally accepted than religious dogma. Why? I think that scholars in this forum already know the answer.

Prevalence is the percentage of infected fish compared with the whole fish samples examined. While the intensity is the average number of parasites per infected fish. Prevalence and intensity of each type of parasite is not always the same because of the many factors that influence, one of the factors that influence the size of the host.

Relative is the degree to which an innovation is better / superior than ever before.

Economic value was calculated based on direct and indirect costs that arise from three main nutrition problems, namely Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) contributed 4.5 trillion rupiah, PEM contributed 5.0 trillion rupiah, anemia in adults give contributions amounting to 7.3 trillion rupiah and anemia in children contributed 5.9 trillion rupiah.

Iodine is a mineral elements and micro-second after the Iron which is considered essential for human health although the actual number does not need as many other nutrients. Humans can not create an element / elements such as iodine in the body make a protein or sugar, but must get it from outside the body (naturally) through the uptake of iodine contained in foods and beverages.

Contributions are donations were a tourist attraction tourist activity in Bukit Lawang in helping the local community socioeconomic level.

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein) in red blood cells is below normal. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which allows them to transport oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to all parts of the body. Anemia causes the reduced number of red blood cells or amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells, so that blood can not transport oxygen in the required number of appropriate body.

Element is a 13-volume textbook in mathematics and geometry are written by the Greek mathematician Euclid in Egypt in the early 3rd century BC. Last volume contains the geometry of Euclid and the ancient Greek version of elementary number theory.

Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term minerals includes not only material but also the structure of the chemical composition of minerals. Minerals included in the composition of the pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic Compound usually not included). The study of minerals is called mineralogy. 

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Analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, nuclear chemistry

Some Branches of Chemistry
Chemistry is generally divided into several main areas. There is also some inter-area branches and the branches are more specialized in chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry
* Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of the chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry involves the standard experimental method in chemistry. These methods can be used in all other subdisciplines of chemistry, except for purely theoretical chemistry.

Biochemistry
* Biochemical study of chemical compounds, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that occur in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or Neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology, physiology, and genetics.

* Inorganic Chemistry studying the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The difference between organic and inorganic field is not absolute and there are many overlaps, particularly in the field of organometallic chemistry.

Organic Chemistry
* Organic chemistry study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on carbon chain.

Physical Chemistry
* Examine the physical basis of physical chemistry and chemical process systems, in particular the energetics and dynamics of the system and process. Important areas in this study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of calculus in deriving equations, and is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry.

Theoretical chemistry
* Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). Specifically, the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of World War II, the development of computers has facilitated the systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap (in theory and experiment) with kondensi matter physics and molecular physics.

Nuclear chemistry
* Nuclear Chemistry assess how sub-atomic particles join and form the core. Modern Transmutation is the largest part of nuclear chemistry and table of nuclides is the result of both the device for this field.

Other areas include astrokimia, molecular biology, electrochemical, pharmacological, phytochemical, photochemistry, molecular genetics, geochemistry, materials science, chemical flow, atmospheric chemistry, chemistry of solids, green chemistry, the core chemistry, medicinal chemistry, computational chemistry, environmental chemistry , organometallic chemistry, surface chemistry, polymer chemistry, chemical supramolekular, nanotechnology, petrochemical, chemical history, sonokimia engineering, chemical, and thermochemical.
May be useful for us all. Thank You

More about → Analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, nuclear chemistry

Electron, proton, neutron, plasma, and all about chemistry

All normal matter composed of atoms or subatomic components that make up atoms, protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms can be combined to produce more complex forms of matter such as ions, molecules, or crystals. Structure of the world in which we live day-to-day and the nature of matter we interact with are determined by the properties of chemical substances and their interactions. Steel harder than iron because the atoms are bound in the crystal structure is more rigid. Wood burning or experiencing rapid oxidation because it can react spontaneously with oxygen in a chemical reaction if it is above a certain temperature.

proton is a subatomic particle with positive charge of 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb and a mass of 938 MeV (1.6726231 × 10-27 kg, or about 1800 times the mass of an electron). An atom usually consists of a number of protons and neutrons residing in the core (center) of atoms, and the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. In electrically neutral atoms, the number of protons will be equal to the number of electrons. Number of protons in the nucleus will usually determine the chemical properties of an atom. The nucleus is often also known as nuclei, nuclei, or nucleons (In English: nucleon), and the reaction of or in connection with the atomic nucleus is called nuclear reactions.

electron is half-integer values in units of h, which means that it includes fermions. Electron antiparticles called positrons, which are identical with electrons, except that he is positively charged. When an electron collides with a positron, both possibilities can be mutually berhambur or destroyed completely, that require a pair (or more) photons of gamma rays. Electrons, which belong to the first generation lepton family of particles, participating in gravitational interactions, electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions. Just as all matter, electrons have the properties of particle and bath tub wave (wave-particle duality), so that he can collides with other particles and berdifraksi like light. Therefore electrons including fermions, no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle.

Neutron or a neutron is an uncharged subatomic particles (neutral) and has a mass of 940 MeV / c ² (1.6749 × 10-27 kg, slightly heavier than the proton. Spins is ½. The nucleus of most atoms (all but the most common isotope of hydrogen , which consists of a proton), consisting of protons and neutrons.

Substances tend to be classified based on the energy, phase, or chemical composition. Materials can be classified in four phases, the sequence of which has the lowest energy is the solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Of the four types of this phase, the phase of the plasma can only be found in outer space in the form of stars, because their energy needs are very large. Solids have a fixed structure at room temperature that can defy gravity or other weak force that tries to change this. Liquids have a bond that is limited, without structure, and will flow with gravity. Gas does not have a bond and act as free particles.

Meanwhile, the plasma consists only of ions that move freely; supply excess energy prevents these ions into the particle elements together. One way to distinguish the first three phases is the volume and shape: roughly, own a solid substance and form of a fixed volume, liquid fixed-volume but without a fixed form, while the gas does not have either a fixed volume or shape.

Plasma is an ionized gas, the gas that is already lost elektron2nya. We know that an element consists of an electron and the nucleus (consisting of protons and neutrons). In solids, atom2 bound to one another to form molecules, which masing2 bound in a strong chemical bond. In solids, molekul2 bound in weak chemical bonds, and the gas, molekul2 separated from each other without any chemical bond. Now in the plasma, unsur2 is no longer united to form molecules, and the loss elektron2nya unsur2. So in the plasma, there is a "soup" consisting of nuclei and electrons. Because plasma has many free electrons, the plasma can be a very good conductor. Examples are fluorescent lamps or plasma display computer.

Water (H2O) as a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by intermolecular force called hydrogen bonding. On the other hand, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas state at room temperature and standard pressure, because its molecules are bound with bipolar interaction (dipole) is much weaker. Hydrogen bonds in water have enough energy to maintain the water molecules to not separate from each other, but not to flow, which makes liquid in the temperature between 0 ° C to 100 ° C at sea level. Lowering the temperature or more energy forms which allow the organization more closely, resulting in a solid substance, and releases energy. Increased energy will melt the ice although the temperature will not change until all the liquid ice. Increasing water temperature in turn will cause it to boil (see heat of vaporization) when there is enough energy to overcome the intermolecular attractions and allows the molecules to move away from one another.

Scientists who study the chemistry is often called chemists. Most chemists specialize in one or more subdisciplines. Chemistry is taught in secondary schools are often called "general chemistry" and is intended as an introduction to many basic concepts and to give students tools to continue on to the subject follows. Many concepts presented at this level is often considered incomplete and technically inaccurate. However, it is an incredible tool. Chemists regularly use tools and a simple and elegant explanation of this in their work, because it proved able to accurately create a model of chemical reactivity is highly variable.

In the history of chemistry is a new development, but science has its roots in alchemy that has been practiced for centuries throughout the world.

Maybe all this time you just know with the title Chemistry, but if the chemistry is ...?
Chemistry is one of the areas belonging to the natural sciences, the general size of the chemistry of learning everything about the material covering the composition, structure, properties and changes and the energy that accompanies such changes.

1. The composition of matter of any material-forming components and comparison of the number of each component in the material analyzed.
2. Structure of particle-particle of matter that is the author of matter, how the particles are so small that join to form large-sized material
3. Material properties which include physical properties of matter and the appearance and chemical properties include a tendency to change
4. Material changes are chemical changes that produce new substances
5. Energy that accompany chemical changes that accompany the energy which is the number of material changes and the origin of that energy.
May be useful for us all. Thanks

More about → Electron, proton, neutron, plasma, and all about chemistry

Amino Acid, Leucine, isoleucine, Valine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Methionine, threonine, lysine and histidine, was synthesized

Proteins are made of 20 amino acid protein authors, 11 of which can be synthesized by the body, and the remaining nine are called essential amino acids derived from food materials, namely Leucine, isoleucine, Valine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Methionine, threonine, lysine and histidine. Of amino acids, eight of them needed by adults, while the histidine is needed by children who were in its infancy. Foodstuffs that contain all the amino acids called a complete protein, like eggs, meat, fish, milk, poultry, cheese.

Liquid Amino is a supplement to meet your protein requirements in liquid form which is easily absorbed body. Amino Liquid contains 22 grams of protein per sajinya with isolated proteins, effective way to support your exercise program and prevent the body from catabolic reactions is rapidly absorbed by the body. With a sense of Fruit Punch, Liquid Amino refreshing and delicious to eat.

Essential amino acids are amino acids that can not be produced by the body, so it must be obtained from food consumption. Non-essential amino acid is an amino acid that can diprosuksi by the body, so has the consumption of lower priority than the essential amino acids. Conditionally essential amino acids are a group of non-essential amino acids, but at certain times, like after a hard weight training, production in the body is not as fast and not as much as necessary so that must be obtained from foods or protein supplements.

Synthesized are: Acid piperat obtained through the hydrolysis of 10% piperine denganmenggunaRan alkoholis KC, and the results of the experiment provides for the acquisition of 97.8% pure piperine. berbasil piperoil diethyl malonate was synthesized by reacting piperoil magnesium chloride with diethyl malonate in the atmosphere base with the acquisition of 40.13% against piperoil Kiorid. Piperoil Rlorid Kiorid acid is made from the acid with thionyl Kiorid piperat. Piperoil ethyl acetate is expected to be gained by transferring hidro1isis partial alkaline or acid pads against piperoil diethyl malonate diester. Reviewing the results of synthesis of structural compounds removed by ultra-violet spectroscopy, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and 13C Intl IHNMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Compounds synthesized compounds can be distinguished from their home through a maximum absorption at a wavelength of these compounds, the frequency of vibration characteristics of carbon clusters in the infrared spectra and molecular ion peak (14) of these compounds.

Leucine is an essential amino acid essential for the body aliphatic animals. One role is involved in glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain. Glutamate is one of the neurotransmitters involved in memory consolidation in the process of learning and memory.

This study aimed to determine the effect of leucine (L-Leucine SIGMA 045K0387) on learning and memory ability and brain glutamate levels (Mus musculus L.). A total of 35 male mice aged 8 weeks with a weight range of 26-31 g were divided into seven groups: two control groups and five treatment groups.

The control group consisted of blank control (KB), who were not given any treatment and solvent control (KP) who were given NaCl was 0.155 mmol / L orally using a gavage needle with a volume of 0.25 mL/10 g body weight and behavior were tested. Five treatment groups were given a solution of leucine each with a dose of 9.25 mg / kg bw (DI), 18.9 mg / kg bw (D II), 47.32 mg / kg bw (D III), 94.5 mg / kg bw (D IV), and 189 mg / kg bw (DV). Leucine solution given
orally using a gavage needle with a volume of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight during five weeks. Learned behavior test performed using E Water Maze device once a week for five weeks with each test performed three times repetition.

The parameter used is the number of errors and the travel time in reaching the target (goal) in the maze. Measurement of glutamate levels was also conducted to determine the levels of glutamate in the brain by using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Test results based on the behavior of the average number of error parameters and the mean travel time, the D group II showed the lowest value compared with other groups. Furthermore, the results are strengthened by measurement of brain glutamate levels reached the highest value (13.447 ± 8.308 μmol / mg brain) compared with the whole group. These results indicate that the leucine dose of 18.9 mg / kg body weight can improve learning and memory, the most optimal.

Isoleucine is a key muscle restorer by training, and help regulate blood sugar. Viela piedalās hemoglobīna ražošanas procesā, ka ari asins sarecēšanas nodrošināšanā. A substance that participates in the production of hemoglobin, and blood clots guarantee.

Valine is one of the 20 amino acid protein encoded by composer DNA. In nutrition, valine including essential amino acid group. Its name comes from the name of the plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis).
Nature of valine in water is hydrophobic ("afraid of water ') because he was not charged. In anemia disease "crescent" (erythrocyte cells are not shaped like a pill but as the moon crescent, sickle-cell anemia), valine replacing glutamic acid, another amino acid hydrophilic ('water loving'), in hemoglobin. As a result, cell shape change and loss of ability to bind oxygen effectively.

tryptophan are essential amino acids that enhance brain function to process the information in the brain.
Is the amino acid tyrosine, which forms neutrotransmiter cathecolamine, which serves to generate awake state, whereas tryptophan is a compound which was formed into serotonin and melatonin which serves to improve the quality of sleep. When awake occurs through stimulation of endogenous brain development and memory consolidation.

Can be concluded that the availability of adequate TT is very important to support the occurrence of waking and sleeping pattern matching at the right moment every day. Therefore both these amino acids are essential for optimum development of the brain Toddler, said Dr Janneke.
The brain plays an important role in the intelligence of children, which started its development process since the child is still in the womb, until reaching the age of three to five years and reached the maximum limit on when they were aged 12 years.

Phenylalanine is one of the nine essential amino acids found in all protein foods such as meat, eggs, fish, milk, cheese and in very small amounts in cereals, vegetables and fruits. Phenylalanine is needed by our body to make body proteins. In the digestive tract, ingested food proteins into amino acids before absorbed. These amino acids are needed to make body proteins or converted into other types of amino acids.

Amino acid methionine is a type that can cause a loss of much calcium in the body. Soybeans contain selenium, a type of anti-oxidant that can cleanse our body cells and also function to prevent the formation of tumors.

Threonine are essential amino acids, and thus is needed in the food. E 'is synthesized in the micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli and yeast (a) aspartic acid, and (B) glycine and acetaldehyde. Cut threonine to acetaldehyde and glycine by threonine Aldolase. Threonine can be deaminated to form acid threonine dehydrogenase enzyme ketobutyric. This is necessary for the development and functioning of the brain.

lysine are the two essential amino acids for your health. They were both found, in varying degrees, the most common meats and vegetables that we eat. Both of these events affect your cold sore.

Arginine is a protein that is important to build new herpes virus. Without a lot of arginine supply, it is impossible for herpes virus to make new virus copies. This will not create a new hospital. Herpes simplex virus can not use a protein lysine to build a new virus copies.

Histidine is a semi-essential amino acids that can help improve sexual arousal. Women who take the histidine one hour before sexual activity increased arousal and increases feelings. Hopefully useful to you. Thanks

More about → Amino Acid, Leucine, isoleucine, Valine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Methionine, threonine, lysine and histidine, was synthesized

The definition of Antibodies, Enzymes, Hormones

Protein derived from the Greek, namely proteos means the main or first. The number and type of proteins given in CKD patients on dialysis in the form of pre Low Protein diet is very important to note because the protein is useful to replace damaged tissue, making antibody substances, enzymes and hormones, maintaining acid-base balance, water, electrolytes, and also contributed a number of energy body.

Antibodies are substances in human blood that can kill or weaken germs and other toxins that enter the body.

Enzymes are bio-molecules such as proteins that serve as a catalyst (substance that speeds up the reaction without reacting) in an organic chemical reaction. [1] [2] initial molecule called a substrate will be accelerated changes into another molecule called the product. Type of product to be produced depends on a condition / substance, called a promoter. All biological processes require enzymes that cells can take place fairly quickly in a direction path is determined by the hormone metabolism as a promoter.

Some sources issuing their opinion, the above is from a single dispersions. Whereas the second is dispersion. Enzymes are one or several clusters polypeptides (proteins) that act as catalysts (substances that speed up the process of the reaction without reacting out) in a chemical reaction. The enzyme works by sticking to the surface molecules reacting substances and thereby accelerating the reaction process. Acceleration occurs because the enzyme lower the activation energy which in itself will facilitate the reaction. Opinions may differ, but the important goals remain the same.

The hormone is the active substance produced by endocrine glands, which enter into the circulatory utnuk affect specific network. The affected tissue (target organs) are generally located far from where the hormone is produced.

More about → The definition of Antibodies, Enzymes, Hormones

Meant Institute of Chemistry, phase, chemical reactions, quantum chemistry, Legal Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry

Chemical bond is the force that holds together of atoms in molecules or crystals. In many simple compounds, valence bond theory and the concept of oxidation numbers can be used to predict molecular structure and arrangement. Similarly, theories from classical physics can be used to predict many of the ionic structure. In a more complex compound / complex, such as metal complexes, valence bond theory can not be used because membutuhken deeper understanding of the basis of quantum mechanics.

Phase is the collection of state of a macroscopic physical system that is relatively serbasama both chemical composition and properties of physics (eg mass density, crystal structure, index of refraction, etc.). Examples of circumstances that we know is the phase of solids, liquids, and gases. Other circumstances such as phase plasma, Bose-Einstein condensation, and condensation of fermions. State phase of the magnetic material is paramagnetic, ferromagnetic and Diamagnetism.

Chemical reaction is the transformation / change in molecular structure. This reaction can produce molecules combining to form larger molecules, splitting the molecule into two or more smaller molecules, or penataulangan atoms in molecules. Chemical reactions usually involve the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

Quantum chemistry mathematically describes the basic behavior of matter at the molecular level. In principle, it is possible to describe all chemical systems using this theory. In practice, only the simplest chemical systems may realistically be investigated with quantum mechanics must be pure and approximation for most practical purposes (eg, Hartree-Fock, post Hartree-Fock, or density functional theory, see computational chemistry for more details) . Therefore, a deep understanding of quantum mechanics is not required for most fields of chemistry because of the important implication of the theory (particularly the orbital approximation) can be interpreted and applied with more simple.

In quantum mechanics (several applications in computational chemistry and quantum chemistry), Hamiltonan, or physical condition, the particles can be expressed as the sum of two operators, one associated with kinetic energy and the other with potential energy. Hamiltonan the Schrodinger wave equation used in quantum chemistry have no terminology for the spin of electrons.

Completion Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom gives the form of wave equation for the atomic orbitals, and the relative energies of orbitals 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3p. Orbital approximation can be used to understand the other atoms such as helium, lithium, and carbon.

The laws of chemistry is actually a law of physics that is applied in chemical systems. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the mass conservation law which states that there was no measurable change in the number of substances during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that the actual energilah eternal, and that energy and mass are interrelated. Conservation of energy is directed to the importance of the concept of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics.

The chemical industry is one of the important economic activities. World's top 50 chemical producers in 2004 had sales of USD $ 587 billion with a profit margin of 8.1% and penegluaran engineering (research and development) of 2.1% of total chemical sales.

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