Structure and function of lungs and organs

Lung is an organ with important functions: Here, the oxygen enters the blood and the blood flow to all body cells. Oxygen is required for basic metabolism. could he not have a job, the organism is no longer. Breath "" through the lungs occurs automatically, without thinking about the needs of people.

Structure is how the parts of something related to each other or how something is put together. Structure is fundamental to any system properties. Identification of a structure is a subjective task, because it depends on the assumption that the criteria for recognition of their parts and their relationships. Therefore, the identification of a cognitive goal-oriented structure and is dependent on existing knowledge.

Oxygen is one of the existing dangerous addictive substances on earth. All of mankind is born addicted to substances, five minutes without inhaling these substances, humans will be hooked with the characteristics of gasping and eventually died. National Narcotics Agency in a press releasenya, has admitted defeat in this fight against the circulation of narcotic substances, because all of his staff already suffering from chronic addiction to oxygen.

Compiler basic cells of our body is, the dynamics of metabolism to keep the wheels work function of each organ we know as life, the main kitchen is a cell. To perform its functions of our body cells require a source of energy in a very large portion, which is supplied from 90% glucose (the smallest molecules from carbohydrate metabolism). Differences with carnivores who obtained 90% energy from oxidation of amino acids (the smallest molecule of protein). Only amino acid required by the WHO only in small amounts (2.5 to 4%) or only about 25 grams of unsaturated fatty acids (1 +%), vitamins, less than 1%.

Oxygen required for metabolism. Metabolism is the process of processing (formation and decomposition) substances that are needed by the body so the body can perform its functions.

In biology, the organism is any living system (such as animals, plants, fungi, or micro-organisms). At least in some form, all organisms capable of responding to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a whole is stable. An organism may be unicellular (single celled) or consist of, as in humans, many billions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. The term multicellular (many celled) describes any organism consists of more than one cell.

Approximately twelve to 15 breaths per minute an adult needs - around 20,000 breaths a day. With every breath about half a liter of air inhaled. If physical activity can increase this number further. lungs with the heart and large blood vessels in the chest. It consists of two lungs, which in turn are divided into several lobes - two left, a little bigger right lung into three lobes. Space between the two lungs called the mediastinum. It also runs the trachea, blood vessels, lymph vessels and esophagus. Both the second surface of the lungs and chest cavity of the inner wall with the skin, lungs and pleura, covered.

lobe is the name of the species Latimeria coelancanth chalumnae.Ikan lung kolam.Ikan live in the swamp and the lungs will increase the surface to breathe.

Mediastinum is the cavity between the lungs that contains the right and left heart, aorta, and major arteries, major veins, trachea, thymus gland, nerves, connective tissue, lymph nodes and channels.

Mediastinal cavity is divided into four important:

1. Superior mediastinum, the chest cavity door began to torakal to-5 vertebra and the lower sternum
2. Anterior mediastinum, the superior mediastinal border line to the diaphragm in front of the heart
3. Posterior mediastinum, the mediastinal superiro boundary line to the diaphragm at the back of the heart
4. Medial mediastinum (center) from the line of the superior mediastinum to the diaphragm boundary between the anterior and posterior mediastinum.

The trachea is a tuba that has a diameter of 20-25 mm and a length of about 10-16 cm. Lies of the larynx and trachea terbifurkasi into the main bronchi in mammals, and from the pharynx to syring in birds, which is the entrance of air into the lungs.

Lymphatic vessels containing viscous fluid (lymph nodes), which consists of fat and fluid containing white blood cells. In addition to the lymph vessels there are specific areas, namely the lymph nodes, tonsils (tonsils, bone marrow, spleen, liver, lungs and intestines, where the lymphocytes can be loaded, transported and distributed to the parts that need it as part of the immune response. Plan which genius of this system ensures the availability and preparation of immune responses immediately, wherever necessary. Swollen lymph nodes occurs because the lymph vessels drain the infection by took him to the nearest area where the immune response can be executed.

When breathing, air flow through the nose or mouth into the trachea, which is divided into two main bronchi. Two main bronchi enter the lungs and then divides into branches that are smaller and smaller and more subtle - the bronchi and bronchioles. At the end of the smallest bronchioles sat a total of approximately 300 million alveoli, the alveoli, where there is a so-called "gas exchange". Through the walls of the alveoli, which is surrounded by a network of fine blood vessels, inhaled oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide as a waste product of metabolic processes, made from the blood into the lungs and sighed. Converted all alveoli exchange area around 160 square meters surface area, roughly the size volleyball court. This is far more than he needs to survive - so it can be a man
required by a living lung.

Bronchus is the liaison between the lungs with the trachea. Bronchial-pulmonary diparu have the right and left. Which is called bronchial branching bronchus.

The road delivers breathing air into the lungs is the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus principalis, bronchus lobaris, bronchus segmentalis, bronchial terminalis, respiratory bronchial, alveolar ductus, saccus alveolar, and alveoli.

The trachea is a tuba that has a diameter of 20-25 mm and a length of about 10 cm. The trachea is a hollow tube supported by rings of cartilage. Tracheal cartilage krikoid originated from the ring-shaped seal and extends to the anterior of the esophagus, down into the thoracic vertebrae to-five and beyond where it divides into two main bronchi (primary right and left) on Karina. Order form than 16-20 tracheal rings composed of hyaline prone incomplete, resembling the letter C. Incomplete letters section this leads to the posterior and filled in by smooth muscle. In place of tracheal branching, there is one angle between the left and right primary bronchus is identified as Karina. Tracheal epithelium coated by pseudostratum bersilium column. Trachea function is to provide a place for the air that was brought in and the air is expelled.
Trachea also is:
- Very flexible
- Muscular
Large blood vessels in the neck runs parallel to the trachea on the lateral and encased in the carotid sheath. Thyroid gland is located in the trachea in the front and laterally. Ismuth passing anterior to the trachea, usually as high as second to fifth tracheal ring. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lies in the tracheoesophageal groove. Beneath the subcutaneous tissue and trachea on the front cover is a supra-sternal muscles attached to the thyroid cartilage and hioid.

More about → Structure and function of lungs and organs

Structure and function of lungs, organs

Lung is an organ with important functions: Here, the oxygen enters the blood and the blood flow to all body cells. Oxygen is required for basic metabolism. could he not have a job, the organism is no longer. Breath "" through the lungs occurs automatically, without thinking about the needs of people.

Structure is how the parts of something related to each other or how something is put together. Structure is fundamental to any system properties. Identification of a structure is a subjective task, because it depends on the assumption that the criteria for recognition of their parts and their relationships. Therefore, the identification of a cognitive goal-oriented structure and is dependent on existing knowledge.

Oxygen is one of the existing dangerous addictive substances on earth. All of mankind is born addicted to substances, five minutes without inhaling these substances, humans will be hooked with the characteristics of gasping and eventually died. National Narcotics Agency in a press releasenya, has admitted defeat in this fight against the circulation of narcotic substances, because all of his staff already suffering from chronic addiction to oxygen.

Compiler basic cells of our body is, the dynamics of metabolism to keep the wheels work function of each organ we know as life, the main kitchen is a cell. To perform its functions of our body cells require a source of energy in a very large portion, which is supplied from 90% glucose (the smallest molecules from carbohydrate metabolism). Differences with carnivores who obtained 90% energy from oxidation of amino acids (the smallest molecule of protein). Only amino acid required by the WHO only in small amounts (2.5 to 4%) or only about 25 grams of unsaturated fatty acids (1 +%), vitamins, less than 1%.

Oxygen required for metabolism. Metabolism is the process of processing (formation and decomposition) substances that are needed by the body so the body can perform its functions.

In biology, the organism is any living system (such as animals, plants, fungi, or micro-organisms). At least in some form, all organisms capable of responding to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis as a whole is stable. An organism may be unicellular (single celled) or consist of, as in humans, many billions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs. The term multicellular (many celled) describes any organism consists of more than one cell.

Approximately twelve to 15 breaths per minute an adult needs - around 20,000 breaths a day. With every breath about half a liter of air inhaled. If physical activity can increase this number further. lungs with the heart and large blood vessels in the chest. It consists of two lungs, which in turn are divided into several lobes - two left, a little bigger right lung into three lobes. Space between the two lungs called the mediastinum. It also runs the trachea, blood vessels, lymph vessels and esophagus. Both the second surface of the lungs and chest cavity of the inner wall with the skin, lungs and pleura, covered.

lobe is the name of the species Latimeria coelancanth chalumnae.Ikan lung kolam.Ikan live in the swamp and the lungs will increase the surface to breathe.

Mediastinum is the cavity between the lungs that contains the right and left heart, aorta, and major arteries, major veins, trachea, thymus gland, nerves, connective tissue, lymph nodes and channels.

Mediastinal cavity is divided into four important:

   1. Superior mediastinum, the chest cavity door began to torakal to-5 vertebra and the lower sternum
   2. Anterior mediastinum, the superior mediastinal border line to the diaphragm in front of the heart
   3. Posterior mediastinum, the mediastinal superiro boundary line to the diaphragm at the back of the heart
   4. Medial mediastinum (center) from the line of the superior mediastinum to the diaphragm boundary between the anterior and posterior mediastinum.

The trachea is a tuba that has a diameter of 20-25 mm and a length of about 10-16 cm. Lies of the larynx and trachea terbifurkasi into the main bronchi in mammals, and from the pharynx to syring in birds, which is the entrance of air into the lungs.

Lymphatic vessels containing viscous fluid (lymph nodes), which consists of fat and fluid containing white blood cells. In addition to the lymph vessels there are specific areas, namely the lymph nodes, tonsils (tonsils, bone marrow, spleen, liver, lungs and intestines, where the lymphocytes can be loaded, transported and distributed to the parts that need it as part of the immune response. Plan which genius of this system ensures the availability and preparation of immune responses immediately, wherever necessary. Swollen lymph nodes occurs because the lymph vessels drain the infection by took him to the nearest area where the immune response can be executed.

When breathing, air flow through the nose or mouth into the trachea, which is divided into two main bronchi. Two main bronchi enter the lungs and then divides into branches that are smaller and smaller and more subtle - the bronchi and bronchioles. At the end of the smallest bronchioles sat a total of approximately 300 million alveoli, the alveoli, where there is a so-called "gas exchange". Through the walls of the alveoli, which is surrounded by a network of fine blood vessels, inhaled oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide as a waste product of metabolic processes, made from the blood into the lungs and sighed. Converted all alveoli exchange area around 160 square meters surface area, roughly the size volleyball court. This is far more than he needs to survive - so it can be a man
required by a living lung.

Bronchus is the liaison between the lungs with the trachea. Bronchial-pulmonary diparu have the right and left. Which is called bronchial branching bronchus.

The road delivers breathing air into the lungs is the nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus principalis, bronchus lobaris, bronchus segmentalis, bronchial terminalis, respiratory bronchial, alveolar ductus, saccus alveolar, and alveoli.

The trachea is a tuba that has a diameter of 20-25 mm and a length of about 10 cm. The trachea is a hollow tube supported by rings of cartilage. Tracheal cartilage krikoid originated from the ring-shaped seal and extends to the anterior of the esophagus, down into the thoracic vertebrae to-five and beyond where it divides into two main bronchi (primary right and left) on Karina. Order form than 16-20 tracheal rings composed of hyaline prone incomplete, resembling the letter C. Incomplete letters section this leads to the posterior and filled in by smooth muscle. In place of tracheal branching, there is one angle between the left and right primary bronchus is identified as Karina. Tracheal epithelium coated by pseudostratum bersilium column. Trachea function is to provide a place for the air that was brought in and the air is expelled.
Trachea also is:
- Very flexible
- Muscular

Large blood vessels in the neck runs parallel to the trachea on the lateral and encased in the carotid sheath. Thyroid gland is located in the trachea in the front and laterally. Ismuth passing anterior to the trachea, usually as high as second to fifth tracheal ring. Recurrent laryngeal nerve lies in the tracheoesophageal groove. Beneath the subcutaneous tissue and trachea on the front cover is a supra-sternal muscles attached to the thyroid cartilage and hioid.

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Normal Menstrual Cycle

Normal menstrual cycle can be divided into two segments namely, ovarian cycle (ovaries) and the cycle of the uterus (womb). Ovarian cycle was divided into two parts, the cycle of follicular and luteal cycle, whereas the uterine cycle is divided into the proliferation (growth) and the period of secretion.

Changes in the uterus is a response to hormonal changes. The uterus consists of three layers namely perimetrium (outermost layer of the uterus), myometrium (muscle layer rehim, located in the middle), and endometrium (innermost lining of the uterus). The endometrium is the lining yangn role in the menstrual cycle. 2 / 3 part is called decidual endometrium functionalist consisting of glands, and the third part is called the innermost basal decidua.

Hormonal systems that influence the menstrual cycle are:
1. -RH FSH (follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone) which issued the hypothalamus to stimulate pituitary release of FSH
2. LH-RH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone) which issued the hypothalamus to stimulate pituitary release of LH
3. PIH (prolactine inhibiting hormone), which inhibits pituitary to release prolactin

Hormonal Cycle

In each menstrual cycle, FSH released by the pituitary stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries (ovaries). Generally only one follicle can be aroused but can progress to more than one, and these follicles develop into follicle de Graaf that makes estrogen. This estrogen suppress FSH production, so the release of pituitary hormones that both the LH. LH and FSH hormone production is under the influence of hypothalamic releasing hormones are distributed to the pituitary. RH Distribution is influenced by the feedback mechanism of estrogen on the hypothalamus.

Production of gonadotropin (FSH and LH), which both will cause the maturation of the follicle de Graaf that contain estrogen. Estrogen affects the growth of the endometrium. Under the influence of LH, follicle de Graaf be cooked until ovulation occurs. After ovulation occurs, the corpus rubrum formed which will become the corpus luteum, under the influence of hormones LH and LTH (luteotrophic hormones, a hormone gonadotropik).

The corpus luteum produces progesterone that may affect the growth of endometrial glands. If there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum to degenerate and result in decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone. This decline in hormone levels causes degeneration, bleeding, and the release of the endometrium. This process is called menstruation or menstrual period. If there is fertilization during ovulation, the corpus luteum is maintained.

At each cycle known three main periods:
1. Menstrual period that lasts for 2-8 days. At that time, the endometrium (lining of the uterus) is released which raised the bleeding and ovarian hormones in the lowest levels
2. Early proliferation of blood stopped menstruating until day 14. After menstruation ends, began the proliferative phase where there is growth of uterine decidua functionalist to prepare for the attachment of the fetus. In this phase, the endometrium grows back. Between day-to-12 to 14 can occur release eggs from the ovary (called ovulation)
3. Secretion period. Secretion is a time period after ovulation. The hormone progesterone is released and affect the growth of the endometrium to make the uterus ready for implantation conditions (fetal attachment to the uterus)

Female hormone regulation - Testes

In the mammalian testis consists of tubules lined by cells - germ cell (germ cell), these tubules known as the seminiferous tubules. The testes secrete testosterone hormone which stimulates the maturation of sperm function (spermatogenesisi) and formation of signs - signs of male genitals, such as growth mustache, beard, chest hair, Adam's apple, and the growing voice. Hormone secretion is stimulated by ICTH produced by the anterior pituitary.

Male hormone regulation

During puberty, the anterior pituitary produces gonadotrofin, namely FSH and LH hormone. Both hormone secretion is influenced by GNRFs (Gonadotropin Releasing Factor) derived from the hypothalamus.

2. Role of Hormones In KB System
KB is a government program that aims to create a happy and prosperous small family executed by setting the number of children and birth spacing. Many kinds of family planning techniques, some permanent, some temporary, and there are mechanical, chemical, or by using hormones. The technique is basically the use of hormones to prevent ovulation. In this case the use of synthetic hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Hormone - the hormone are packaged in the form of pills, injections, or implant. If a woman taking birth control pills every day then he has to put synthetic hormones estrogen and progesterone into the body. As a result, the pituitary gland will not produce FSH and LH. LHmenyebabkan absence of FSH and pregnant women will not, because the function of FSH and LH stimulates ovulation will occur which, if fertilized pregnancies. In addition, progesterone also acts to stimulate thickening of the uterine wall, thus disallowing the occurrence of implantation (attachment of the embryo on the uterine wall).

More about → Normal Menstrual Cycle

Understanding secretion of estrogen, follicle, Adaptation Physiology

Secretion of estrogen produced by the follicle de Graaf and stimulated by FSH. Create and maintain a functioning estrogen signs - signs of secondary sex on women, like the development of hips, breasts, and the skin becomes smooth. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and stimulated by LH. While working Progesterone prepares the uterine wall in order to receive the fertilized egg cell.

Follicle is a cavity of a normal fluid contained in the ovary. In normal circumstances, follicles containing eggs will be open during the menstrual cycle to release an egg. However, in some cases, these follicles do not open so that the cause of the dam quest that will become a cyst. Cyst fluid that fills most of the blood that comes out because of injury that occurred in small blood vessels of the ovary.

Create and maintain a functioning estrogen signs - signs of secondary sex on women, like the development of hips, breasts, and the skin becomes smooth. As I mentioned above.

Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum and stimulated by LH. Progesterone prepares the uterine wall functions in order to receive the fertilized egg cell.

Adaptation Physiology
Physiological adaptation is the adjustment that is influenced by the environment that cause adjustments to the tools of the body to maintain a good life. Examples of physiological adaptation is like the animal / animals that have a camel in punuknya water bag to store water to be resistant not drink in the desert in a long time and the seals that have a thick layer of fat to survive in cold regions.

You probably already know if Menstruation is the periodic vaginal bleeding caused by the release of the endometrial lining of the uterus. Well ... for who do not know now if you've read this article then you'll know. if it is the endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus and place attachment of the fertilized ovum. The endometrium lining found inside the blood vessels that are useful for delivering nutrients to these layers. When the fertilized ovum (called fertilization) stuck to the layer of the endometrium (implantation), the ovum will be connected with the parent body with placentas that in connection with the umbilical cord in infants.

Normal menstrual function is the result of interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary with associated changes in the target tissue in the normal reproductive tract, the ovary plays an important role in this process, because it seems responsible for setting cyclic changes and long menstrual cycles.

Mastalgia is breast pain that is divided into two kenis, namely cyclic mastalgia associated with the menstrual cycle, and non-cyclic. One cause of non-cyclic mastalgia is that there is pressure on the breast. Other causes is pain in the joints around the chest and neck area which later spread to the breast.

Treatment for non-cyclic mastalgia is to check into early cancer detection center that will perform a physical examination. It is recommended to perform mammography or ultrasound, depending on your age, as well as drugs mngkonsumsi appropriate indications suggested by the doctor. 

More about → Understanding secretion of estrogen, follicle, Adaptation Physiology

Definition of Ovary, Estrogen and Progesterone

The ovary is one of the organs of the female reproductive system, reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. The two ovaries are located in both sides of the uterus in the pelvic cavity with a length of about 1.5 to 2 inches and width of <1 inch, the ovaries will shrink after menopause.

* Represents the female sex gland that produces the egg cell function, hormone, estrogen and progesterone hormone.

Estrogen is a female hormone produced by the ovaries, ovaries (ovarian, ovaries). Submarine reproductive years, a woman's body facing the high levels of estrogen. After menopause, estrogen production by the ovaries-the ovaries decreases. Estrogen is sometimes prescribed to treat some of the problems often associated with menopause, like hot (hot flashes), night sweat, sweat, ketidaktiduran, and vaginal dryness. Estrogen has the additional benefit of preventing bone thinning (osteoporosis). However, the results from a large clinical trial of women who had menopause who received hormone therapy dipubilkasikan in 2002 showed that the overall risks of estrogen plus progestin therapy exceeded the benefits of hormone therapy. Combination therapy with estrogen and progestin hormones have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and blood clots.

Progesterone is another hormone produced by the ovaries of women, as well as the hormone estrogen regulates the changes that occurred in each monthly menstrual cycle and prepares the uterus (womb) for pregnancy. Major at menopause. More than 90% of estrogen in a woman's body produced by the ovaries. Other organs (including the adrenal gland, liver and kidneys) also produce small amounts of estrogen. That is why the next women have estrogen levels only in very small amounts after the menopause. Because fat cells can also produce small amounts of estrogen, women who have excess body weight after menopause will have fewer problems, in the form of heat in the body and osteoporosis (both are a problem due to lack of estrogen levels) compared to women who have little fat.

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Uptake by Organs, Network, and cell metabolism

In cell metabolism
Pesticide chemicals exposed to the enzymes by changes in the body through a process known as metabolism. Metabolism refers to chemical reactions that change the structure and physiochemical properties of the pesticide to add, delete, or replacement of various chemical components.

Metabolism takes place mainly in the liver, where the cells usually change the original pesticide molecules that are less toxic, more water soluble form that makes it easier to remove the chemical. However, some molecules will be converted to more toxic forms.

Blood is the medium through which pesticides are transported to the organs, the network, and cells. Uptake by cells depends on the physical and chemical properties of pesticides and type of cells involved. Therefore, various pesticide can be distributed to the various networks in the body. Pesticides can enter the network passively by simple diffusion, that is, the pesticide can move from a high concentration in the blood to the lower concentration in body tissue. On pesticides can be transported by a reaction that uses energy to "pull" to the chemicals in the cells.

Elimination of sewage and from the
Metabolized chemicals in the body are eliminated by the kidneys, urine, or brought to the bile in the intestine of the heart. Pesticides may be reabsorbed into the blood system of the gut or excreted in fecal material. Pesticides can also be removed through the end of the lungs or air in the body secretions such as tears, saliva, and susu.

Pesticide storage sites in the
Pesticides May accumulate in body cells, protein, fat, and bone. Is fat-soluble pesticides, especially, that are stored in the body for long periods of time. The depletion of fat the body can release them into the blood.

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